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<title>New Objectivity</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the architectural aspects of this movement, see <a href="New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity (architecture)</a>.</div>

<p>The <b>New Objectivity</b> (in <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><b>Neue Sachlichkeit</b></i>) was a movement in German art that arose during the 1920s as a reaction against <a href="German_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism">expressionism</a>. The term was coined by <a href="Gustav_Friedrich_Hartlaub" title="Gustav Friedrich Hartlaub">Gustav Friedrich Hartlaub</a>, the director of the <i><a href="Kunsthalle_Mannheim" title="Kunsthalle Mannheim">Kunsthalle</a></i> in <a href="Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, who used it as the title of an art exhibition staged in 1925 to showcase artists who were working in a <a href="Post-expressionism" title="Post-expressionism">post-expressionist</a> spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-Crockett1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crockett1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

As these artists—who included <a href="Max_Beckmann" title="Max Beckmann">Max Beckmann</a>, <a href="Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Otto Dix</a>, <a href="Adolf_Dietrich" title="Adolf Dietrich">Adolf Dietrich</a>, <a href="George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a>, <a href="Christian_Schad" title="Christian Schad">Christian Schad</a>, <a href="Rudolf_Schlichter" title="Rudolf Schlichter">Rudolf Schlichter</a>, <a href="Georg_Scholz" title="Georg Scholz">Georg Scholz</a> and <a href="Jeanne_Mammen" title="Jeanne Mammen">Jeanne Mammen</a>—rejected the self-involvement and romantic longings of the expressionists, Weimar intellectuals in general made a call to arms for public collaboration, engagement, and rejection of romantic idealism.

</p><p>Although principally describing a tendency in German painting, the term took a life of its own and came to characterize the attitude of public life in Weimar Germany as well as the art, literature, music, and architecture created to adapt to it. Rather than some goal of philosophical objectivity, it was meant to imply a turn towards practical engagement with the world—an all-business attitude, understood by Germans as intrinsically American.<sup id="cite_ref-Crockett1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crockett1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The movement essentially ended in 1933 with the end of the <a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and the beginning of the <a href="Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> dictatorship.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning">Meaning</h2></div>

<p>Although "New Objectivity" has been the most common translation of "Neue Sachlichkeit", other translations have included "New Matter-of-factness", "New Resignation", "New Sobriety", and "New Dispassion". The art historian Dennis Crockett says there is no direct English translation, and breaks down the meaning in the original German:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Sachlichkeit</i> should be understood by its root, <i>Sache</i>, meaning "thing", "fact", "subject", or "object." <i>Sachlich</i> could be best understood as "factual", "matter-of-fact", "impartial", "practical", or "precise"; <i>Sachlichkeit</i> is the noun form of the adjective/adverb and usually implies "matter-of-factness".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>In particular, Crockett argues against the view implied by the translation of "New Resignation", which he says is a popular misunderstanding of the attitude it describes. The idea that it conveys resignation comes from the notion that the age of great socialist revolutions was over and that the left-leaning intellectuals who were living in Germany at the time wanted to adapt themselves to the social order represented in the Weimar Republic. Crockett says the art of the <i>Neue Sachlichkeit</i> was meant to be more forward in political action than the modes of Expressionism it was turning against: "The <i>Neue Sachlichkeit</i> is Americanism, cult of the objective, the hard fact, the predilection for functional work, professional conscientiousness, and usefulness."<sup id="cite_ref-Crockett1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crockett1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Post-expressionism" title="Post-expressionism">Post-expressionism</a></div>

<p>Leading up to <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, much of the art world was under the influence of <a href="Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> and <a href="Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, both of which abandoned any sense of order or commitment to objectivity or tradition. Expressionism was in particular the dominant form of art in Germany, and it was represented in many different facets of public life—in dance, in theater, in painting, in architecture, in poetry, and in literature.

</p><p>Expressionists abandoned nature and sought to express emotional experience, often centering their art around inner turmoil (angst), whether in reaction to the modern world, to alienation from society, or in the creation of personal identity. In concert with this evocation of angst and unease with bourgeois life, expressionists also echoed some of the same feelings of revolution as did Futurists. This is evidenced by a 1919 anthology of expressionist poetry titled <i>Menschheitsdämmerung</i>, which translates to “Twilight of Humanity”—meant to suggest that humanity was in a twilight; that there was an imminent demise of some old way of being and beneath it the urgings of a new dawning.<sup id="cite_ref-Midgley15_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midgley15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Critics of expressionism came from many circles. From the left, a strong critique began with <a href="Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a>. The early exponents of Dada had been drawn together in Switzerland, a neutral country in the war, and seeing their common cause, wanted to use their art as a form of moral and cultural protest—they saw shaking off the constraints of artistic language in the same way they saw their refusal of national boundaries. They wanted to use their art in order to express political outrage and encourage political action.<sup id="cite_ref-Midgley15_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midgley15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expressionism, to Dadaists, expressed all of the angst and anxieties of society, but was helpless to do anything about it.

</p><p><a href="Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, a German dramatist, launched another early critique of expressionism, referring to it as constrained and superficial. Just as in politics Germany had a new parliament but lacked parliamentarians, he argued, in literature there was an expression of delight in ideas, but no new ideas, and in theater a "will to drama", but no real drama. His early plays, <i>Baal</i> and <i>Trommeln in der Nacht</i> (Drums in the Night) express repudiations of fashionable interest in Expressionism.

</p><p>After the destruction of the war, more conservative critics gained force particularly in their critique of the style of expressionism. Throughout Europe a <a href="Return_to_order" title="Return to order">return to order</a> in the arts resulted in <a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neoclassical</a> works by modernists such as <a href="Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a> and <a href="Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a>, and a turn away from abstraction by many artists, for example <a href="Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a> and <a href="Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a>. The return to order was especially pervasive in Italy.

</p><p>Because of travel restrictions, German artists in 1919–1922 had little knowledge of contemporary trends in French art; <a href="Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Henri Rousseau</a>, who died in 1910, was the French painter whose influence was most apparent in the works of the New Objectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Crockett15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crockett15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some of the Germans found important inspiration in the pages of the Italian magazine <i><a href="Valori_plastici" title="Valori plastici">Valori plastici</a></i>, which featured photographs of recent paintings by Italian classical realists.<sup id="cite_ref-Crockett15_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crockett15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verists_and_classicists">Verists and classicists</h3></div>

<p>Hartlaub first used the term in 1923 in a letter he sent to colleagues describing an exhibition he was planning.<sup id="cite_ref-Roh285_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roh285-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his subsequent article, "Introduction to 'New Objectivity': German Painting since Expressionism", Hartlaub explained,

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<blockquote class="templatequote"><p>what we are displaying here is distinguished by the—in itself purely external—characteristics of the objectivity with which the artists express themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaes492_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaes492-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>The New Objectivity was composed of two tendencies which Hartlaub characterized in terms of a left and right wing: on the left were the <i><a href="Verism" title="Verism">verists</a></i>, who "tear the objective form of the world of contemporary facts and represent current experience in its tempo and fevered temperature"; and on the right the <i>classicists</i>, who "search more for the object of timeless ability to embody the external laws of existence in the artistic sphere".<sup id="cite_ref-Kaes492_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaes492-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The verists' vehement form of <a href="Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> emphasized the ugly and sordid.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their art was raw, provocative, and harshly satirical. <a href="George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a> and <a href="Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Otto Dix</a> are considered the most important of the verists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verists developed Dada's abandonment of any pictorial rules or artistic language into a “satirical hyperrealism”, as termed by <a href="Raoul_Hausmann" title="Raoul Hausmann">Raoul Hausmann</a>, and of which the best known examples are the graphical works and photo-montages of <a href="John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield">John Heartfield</a>. Use of collage in these works became a <i>compositional</i> principle to blend reality and art, as if to suggest that to record the facts of reality was to go beyond the most simple appearances of things.<sup id="cite_ref-Midgley15_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midgley15-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists such as Grosz, Dix, <a href="Georg_Scholz" title="Georg Scholz">Georg Scholz</a>, and <a href="Rudolf_Schlichter" title="Rudolf Schlichter">Rudolf Schlichter</a> painted satirical scenes that often depicted a madness behind what was happening, depicting the participants as cartoon-like. When painting portraits, they gave emphasis to particular features or objects that were seen as distinctive aspects of the person depicted.

</p><p>Other verists, like <a href="Christian_Schad" title="Christian Schad">Christian Schad</a>, depicted reality with a clinical precision, which suggested both an empirical detachment and intimate knowledge of the subject. Schad's paintings are characterized by "an artistic perception so sharp that it seems to cut beneath the skin", according to the art critic Wieland Schmied.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, psychological elements were introduced in his work, which suggested an underlying unconscious reality.

</p><p><a href="Max_Beckmann" title="Max Beckmann">Max Beckmann</a>, who is sometimes called an expressionist although he never considered himself part of any movement,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was considered by Hartlaub to be a verist<sup id="cite_ref-Schmied10_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmied10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most important artist of <i>Neue Sachlichkeit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Compared to the verists, the classicists more clearly exemplify the "return to order" that arose in the arts throughout Europe. The classicists included <a href="Georg_Schrimpf" title="Georg Schrimpf">Georg Schrimpf</a>, <a href="Alexander_Kanoldt" title="Alexander Kanoldt">Alexander Kanoldt</a>, <a href="Carlo_Mense" title="Carlo Mense">Carlo Mense</a>, <a href="Heinrich_Maria_Davringhausen" title="Heinrich Maria Davringhausen">Heinrich Maria Davringhausen</a>, and <a href="Wilhelm_Heise" title="Wilhelm Heise">Wilhelm Heise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmied10_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmied10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sources of their inspiration included 19th-century art, the Italian <a href="Metaphysical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical art">metaphysical painters</a>, the artists of <a href="Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a>, and Henri Rousseau.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The classicists are best understood by <a href="Franz_Roh" title="Franz Roh">Franz Roh</a>'s term <a href="Magic_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic Realism">Magic Realism</a>, though Roh originally intended "magical realism" to be synonymous with the <i>Neue Sachlichkeit</i> as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Roh, as a reaction to expressionism, the idea was to declare "[that] the autonomy of the objective world around us was once more to be enjoyed; the wonder of matter that could crystallize into objects was to be seen anew."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the term, he was emphasizing the "magic" of the normal world as it presents itself to us—how, when we really look at everyday objects, they can appear strange and fantastic.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_groups">Regional groups</h3></div>

<p>Most of the artists of the New Objectivity did not travel widely, and stylistic tendencies were related to geography. While the classicists were based mostly in <a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, the verists worked mainly in Berlin (Grosz, Dix, Schlichter, and Schad); <a href="Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> (Dix, <a href="Hans_Grundig" title="Hans Grundig">Hans Grundig</a>, <a href="Wilhelm_Lachnit" title="Wilhelm Lachnit">Wilhelm Lachnit</a> and others); and <a href="Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a> (<a href="Karl_Hubbuch" title="Karl Hubbuch">Karl Hubbuch</a>, <a href="Georg_Scholz" title="Georg Scholz">Georg Scholz</a>, and <a href="Wilhelm_Schnarrenberger" title="Wilhelm Schnarrenberger">Wilhelm Schnarrenberger</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Schmied10_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmied10-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of the Karlsruhe artists emphasize a hard, precise style of drawing, as in Hubbuch's watercolor <i>The Cologne Swimmer</i> (1923).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, a <a href="Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">constructivist</a> group led by <a href="Franz_Wilhelm_Seiwert" title="Franz Wilhelm Seiwert">Franz Wilhelm Seiwert</a> and <a href="Heinrich_Hoerle" title="Heinrich Hoerle">Heinrich Hoerle</a> also included <a href="Gerd_Arntz" title="Gerd Arntz">Gerd Arntz</a>. Also from Cologne was <a href="Anton_R%C3%A4derscheidt" title="Anton Räderscheidt">Anton Räderscheidt</a>, who after a brief constructivist phase became influenced by <a href="Antonio_Donghi" title="Antonio Donghi">Antonio Donghi</a> and the metaphysical artists.

</p><p>Artists active in <a href="Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, such as <a href="Grethe_J%C3%BCrgens" title="Grethe Jürgens">Grethe Jürgens</a>, <a href="Hans_Mertens" title="Hans Mertens">Hans Mertens</a>, <a href="Ernst_Thoms" title="Ernst Thoms">Ernst Thoms</a>, and Erich Wegner, depicted provincial subject matter with an often lyrical style.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Franz_Radziwill" title="Franz Radziwill">Franz Radziwill</a>, who painted ominous landscapes, lived in relative isolation in <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangast" class="extiw external" title="de:Dangast">Dangast</a>, a small coastal town.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Carl_Grossberg" title="Carl Grossberg">Carl Grossberg</a> became a painter after studying architecture in Aachen and Darmstadt and is noted for his clinical rendering of industrial technology.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photography">Photography</h2></div>

<p><a href="Albert_Renger-Patzsch" title="Albert Renger-Patzsch">Albert Renger-Patzsch</a> and <a href="August_Sander" title="August Sander">August Sander</a> are leading representatives of the "New <a href="Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a>" movement, which brought a sharply focused, documentary quality to the photographic art where previously the self-consciously poetic had held sway.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other related projects as <i><a href="Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></i>, coexisted at the same moment. <a href="Karl_Blossfeldt" title="Karl Blossfeldt">Karl Blossfeldt</a>'s <a href="Botanical_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical photography">botanical photography</a> is also often described as being a variation on New Objectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity (architecture)</a></div>

<p>New Objectivity in architecture, as in painting and literature, describes German work of the transitional years of the early 1920s in the <a href="Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a>, as a direct reaction to the stylistic excesses of <a href="Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionist architecture</a> and the change in the national mood. Architects such as <a href="Bruno_Taut" title="Bruno Taut">Bruno Taut</a>, <a href="Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Erich Mendelsohn</a> and <a href="Hans_Poelzig" title="Hans Poelzig">Hans Poelzig</a> turned to New Objectivity's straightforward, functionally minded, matter-of-fact approach to construction, which became known in Germany as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Neues_Bauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Neues Bauen">Neues Bauen</a></i></span> ("New Building"). The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neues Bauen</i></span> movement, flourishing in the brief period between the adoption of the <a href="Dawes_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawes plan">Dawes plan</a> and the rise of the <a href="Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>, encompassed public exhibitions like the <a href="Weissenhof_Estate" title="Weissenhof Estate">Weissenhof Estate</a>, the massive urban planning and public housing projects of Taut and <a href="Ernst_May" title="Ernst May">Ernst May</a>, and the influential experiments at the <a href="Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="New_Objectivity_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Objectivity (film)">New Objectivity (film)</a></div>

<p>In film, New Objectivity reached its high point around 1929. As a cinematic style, it translated into realistic settings, straightforward camerawork and editing, a tendency to examine inanimate objects as a way to interpret characters and events, a lack of overt emotionalism, and social themes.

</p><p>The director most associated with the movement is <a href="Georg_Wilhelm_Pabst" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Wilhelm Pabst">Georg Wilhelm Pabst</a>. Pabst's films of the 1920s concentrate on social issues such as <a href="Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, labor disputes, <a href="Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, and <a href="Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">addiction</a>. His cool and critical 1925 <i><a href="Joyless_Street" title="Joyless Street">Joyless Street</a></i> is a landmark of the objective style. Other directors included <a href="Ern%C5%91_Metzner" title="Ernő Metzner">Ernő Metzner</a>, <a href="Berthold_Viertel" title="Berthold Viertel">Berthold Viertel</a>, and <a href="Gerhard_Lamprecht" title="Gerhard Lamprecht">Gerhard Lamprecht</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div>

<p>The primary characteristic of New Objective literature was its political perspective on reality.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It renders <a href="Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopias</a>, in a non-sentimental, emotionless reporting style, with precision of detail and veneration for "the fact". The works were seen to provide a rejection to humanism, a refusal to play the game of art as utopia, a negation of art as <a href="Escapism" title="Escapism">escapism</a>, and a palpable cynicism about humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authors associated with New Objectivity literature included <a href="Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a>, <a href="Hans_Fallada" title="Hans Fallada">Hans Fallada</a>, <a href="Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a>, <a href="Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a>, and, in <a href="Afrikaans_literature" title="Afrikaans literature">Afrikaans literature</a>, Abraham Jonker, the father of poet <a href="Ingrid_Jonker" title="Ingrid Jonker">Ingrid Jonker</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theater">Theater</h2></div>

<p><a href="Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, from his opposition to the focus on the individual in expressionist art, began a collaborative method to play production, starting with his <a href="Man_Equals_Man" title="Man Equals Man">Man Equals Man</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach to theater-craft began to be known as "Brechtian" and the collective of writers and actors who he worked with are known as the "Brechtian collective".

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">Neoclassicism (music)</a></div>

<p>New Objectivity in music, as in the visual arts, rejected the sentimentality of late <a href="Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romanticism</a> and the emotional agitation of expressionism. Composer <a href="Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a> may be considered both a New Objectivist and an expressionist, depending on the composition, throughout the 1920s; for example, his <a href="Wind_quintet" title="Wind quintet">wind quintet</a> <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Kleine_Kammermusik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleine Kammermusik">Kleine Kammermusik</a></i></span></i> Op. 24 No. 2 (1922) was designed as <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Gebrauchsmusik" title="Gebrauchsmusik">Gebrauchsmusik</a></i></span></i>; one may compare his operas <i><a href="Sancta_Susanna" title="Sancta Susanna">Sancta Susanna</a></i> (part of an expressionist trilogy) and <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Neues_vom_Tage" title="Neues vom Tage">Neues vom Tage</a></i></span></i> (a parody of modern life).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His music typically harkens back to <a href="Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque</a> models and makes use of traditional forms and stable <a href="Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> structures, together with modern dissonance and <a href="Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>-inflected rhythms. <a href="Ernst_Toch" title="Ernst Toch">Ernst Toch</a> and <a href="Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> also composed New Objectivist music during the 1920s. Though known late in life for his austere interpretations of the classics, in earlier years, conductor <a href="Otto_Klemperer" title="Otto Klemperer">Otto Klemperer</a> was the most prominent to ally himself with this movement.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<p>The New Objectivity movement is usually considered to have ended with the <a href="Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> when the <a href="National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German Workers Party">National Socialists</a> under <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> seized power in January 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> authorities condemned much of the work of the New Objectivity as "<a href="Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">degenerate art</a>", so that works were seized and destroyed and many artists were forbidden to exhibit. A few, including <a href="Karl_Hubbuch" title="Karl Hubbuch">Karl Hubbuch</a>, <a href="Adolf_Uzarski" title="Adolf Uzarski">Adolf Uzarski</a>, and <a href="Otto_Nagel" title="Otto Nagel">Otto Nagel</a>, were among the artists entirely forbidden to paint. While some of the major figures of the movement went into <a href="Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>, they did not carry on painting in the same manner. George Grosz emigrated to America and adopted a <a href="Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> style, and Max Beckmann's work by the time he left Germany in 1937 was, by <a href="Franz_Roh" title="Franz Roh">Franz Roh</a>'s definitions, expressionism.

</p><p>The influence of New Objectivity outside of Germany can be seen in the work of artists like <a href="Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a>, <a href="Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> (in such early works as his <i>Portrait of <a href="Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Luis Buñuel</a></i> of 1924),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Auguste_Herbin" title="Auguste Herbin">Auguste Herbin</a>, <a href="Maruja_Mallo" title="Maruja Mallo">Maruja Mallo</a>, <a href="Cagnaccio_di_San_Pietro" title="Cagnaccio di San Pietro">Cagnaccio di San Pietro</a>, <a href="Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Grant Wood</a>, <a href="Adamson-Eric" title="Adamson-Eric">Adamson-Eric</a>, and <a href="Juhan_Muks" title="Juhan Muks">Juhan Muks</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Crockett1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crockett1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crockett1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crockett1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crockett p. 1</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crockett, p. xix</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Midgley15-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Midgley15_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Midgley15_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Midgley15_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Midgley 2000, p. 15</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Crockett15-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crockett15_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crockett15_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crockett p. 15</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalsky 1994, p. 20</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalsky 1994, p. 27</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmied 1978, p. 19</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmied 1978, pp. 23–24</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Schmied10-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmied10_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmied10_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmied10_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmied 1978, p. 10</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalsky 1994, p. 147</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmied 1978, p. 11</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmied 1978, p. 9</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zamora and Faris 1995</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalski 1994, pp. 90, 96</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalski 1994, pp. 135–136</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalski 1994, p. 153</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalski 1994, p. 169</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michalski 1994, pp. 181, 188</span>

</li>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/works/56.2006/">"Karl Blossfeldt"</a>. Art Gallery NSW<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoehr 2001, p. 99</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont 2010, p. 151</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midgley 2000, p. 16</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albright 2004, p. 278</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmied 1978, p. 31</span>

</li>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Painting">History of Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Painting">Western Painting</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Albright, Daniel, ed. (2004). <i>Modernism and Music: an anthology of sources</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-226-01267-0</bdi></li>

<li>Becker, Sabina (2000). <i>Neue Sachlichkeit</i>. Köln: Böhlau. Print.</li>

<li>Beaumont, M. (2010). <i>A concise companion to realism</i>. Malden, Mass.: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1444332074</bdi></li>

<li>Crockett, Dennis (1999). <i>German Post-Expressionism: the Art of the Great Disorder 1918-1924</i>. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0271017961</bdi></li>

<li>Grüttemeier, Ralf; Beekman, Klaus; Rebel, Ben, eds. (2013). <i>Neue Sachlichkeit and Avant-Garde</i>. Avant-Garde Critical Studies 29. Amsterdam / New York: Rodopi.</li>

<li>Kaes, Anton; Jay, Martin; Dimendberg, Edward, eds (1994). <i>The Weimar Republic Sourcebook</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0520067754</bdi></li>

<li>Lethen, Helmut (1970). <i>Neue Sachlichkeit 1924-1932: Studien zur Literatur des "Weissen Sozialismus."</i> Stuttgart: Metzler.</li>

<li>Lindner, Martin (1994). <i>Leben in der Krise. Zeitromane der neuen Sachlichkeit und die intellektuelle Mentalität der klassischen Moderne</i>. Stuttgart: Metzler.</li>

<li>Michalski, Sergiusz (1994). <i>New Objectivity</i>. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-8228-9650-0</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2000" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, David (2000). <i>Writing Weimar: Critical Realism in German Literature, 1918-1933</i>. Durham and London: Oxford University Press.</cite></li>

<li>Roh, Franz, Juan Manuel Bonet, Miguel Blesa De La Parra, and Martin Chirino (1997). <i>Realismo mágico: Franz Roh y la pintura europea 1917-1936 : [exposición] Ivam Centre Julio Gonzalez, [Valencia], 19 junio - 31 agosto 1997 : Fundación Caja de Madrid, Madrid, 17 septiembre - 9 noviembre 1997 : Centro Atlantico de Arte Moderno, [Gran Canaria], 2 diciembre 1997 - 1 febrero 1998</i>. Valencia: Ivam, Institut Valencià d'Art Modern. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38962637">38962637</a> (Spanish and English)</li>

<li>Schmied, Wieland (1978). <i>Neue Sachlichkeit and German Realism of the Twenties</i>. London: Arts Council of Great Britain. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7287-0184-7</bdi></li>

<li>Stoehr, Ingo R. (2001). <i>German Literature of the Twentieth Century: From Aestheticism to Postmodernism</i>. Rochester, NY: Camden House. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1571131574</bdi></li>

<li><a href="John_Willett" title="John Willett">Willett, John</a> (1978). <i>The New Sobriety: art and politics in the Weimar Period, 1917-1933</i>. London: Thames & Hudson (Reissued by Da Capo Press, New York, 1996 as "Art and Politics in the Weimar Period" <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-306-80724-6</bdi>)</li>

<li>Zamora, Lois Parkinson and Faris, Wendy B., eds. (1995). <i>Magical Realism: Theory, History, Community</i>. Durham and London: Duke University Press.</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3046704">Fritz Schmalenbach essay</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/n/neue-sachlichkeit">Tate modern definition</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040815182603/http://www.usc.edu/schools/annenberg/asc/projects/comm544/library/styles/NeueSachlichkeitNewObjectivity.html">Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity) Image Library</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past/exhibit/3728">Chaos and Classicism: Art in France, Italy, and Germany, 1918–1936.</a> The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. October 1, 2010 – January 9, 2011.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/products/book/neue-sachlichkeit-and-avant-garde">Table of Contents book <i>Neue Sachlichkeit and Avant-Garde</i>. Amsterdam / New York 2013. Brill/Rodopi</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monograffi.com/magicrealism.htm">The Essence of Magic Realism - Critical Study of the origins and development of Magic Realism in art.</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br>(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li>

<li><a href="Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li>

<li><a href="Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li>

<li><a href="Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li>

<li><a href="Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li>

<li><a href="Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li>

<li><a href="Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li>

<li><a href="Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li>

<li><a href="Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li>

<li><a href="Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li>

<li><a href="Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li>

<li><a href="Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li>

<li><a href="Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a>

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li>

<li><a href="Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li>

<li><a href="Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a></li>

<li><a href="Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir-Suzdal_school" title="Vladimir-Suzdal school">Vladimir-Suzdal school</a></li>

<li><a href="Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li>

<li>Medieval <a href="History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li>

<li><a href="Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a>

<ul><li><a href="School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a>

<ul><li><a href="High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a>

<ul><li><a href="World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li>

<li><a href="Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li>

<li><a href="Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baroque_in_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li>

<li><a href="Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a>

<ul><li><a href="Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li>

<li><a href="Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a>

<ul><li><a href="Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li>

<li><a href="Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li>

<li><a href="Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li>

<li><a href="Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li>

<li><a href="Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li>

<li><i><a href="F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>

<li><a href="Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li>

<li><a href="Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Art of the <a href="African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>

<ul><li><a href="African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li>

<li><a href="Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li>Colonial Asian art

<ul><li><a href="Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a>

<ul><li><a href="Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li>

<li><a href="Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li>

<li><a href="Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li>

<li><a href="Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br>Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li>

<li><a href="Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li>

<li><a href="Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li>

<li>Western influence in <a href="Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br>to modern</a><br>(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li>

<li><a href="D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li>

<li><a href="Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a>

<ul><li><a href="Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li>

<li><a href="Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li>

<li><a href="Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li>

<li><a href="Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li>

<li><a href="Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li>

<li><a href="Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br>(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li>

<li><a href="Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li>

<li><a href="Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li>

<li><a href="Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li>

<li><a href="Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li>

<li><a href="Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li>

<li><a href="Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a>

<ul><li><a href="California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li>

<li><a href="California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a>

<ul><li><a href="Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li>

<li><a href="Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li>

<li><a href="Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li>

<li><a href="Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li>

<li><a href="Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li>

<li><a href="Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li>

<li><a href="Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li>

<li><a href="Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li>

<li><a href="Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a>

<ul><li><a href="Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li>

<li><a href="Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li>

<li><a href="Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a>

<ul><li><a href="Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li>

<li><a href="Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a>

<ul><li><a href="November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li>

<li><a href="Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li>

<li><a href="Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li>

<li><a href="Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li>

<li><a href="Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li>

<li><a href="Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li>

<li><a href="Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br>and <a href="Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br>(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li>

<li><a href="COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li>

<li><a href="Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li>

<li><a href="Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li>

<li><a href="Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a>

<li><a href="New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li>

<li><a href="Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li>

<li><a href="Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li>

<li><a href="Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li>

<li><a href="Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li>

<li><a href="Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li>

<li><a href="Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li>

<li><a href="Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_critique" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a>

<li><a href="Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_visual_art" title="Artificial intelligence visual art">Artificial intelligence visual art</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li>

<li><a href="Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li>

<li><a href="Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li>

<li><a href="Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li>

<li><a href="Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li>

<li><a href="Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li>

<li><a href="New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li>

<li><a href="Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li>

<li><a href="Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li>

<li><a href="Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li>

<li><a href="Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li>

<li><a href="Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li>

<li><a href="Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li>

<li><a href="Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Apartment_Art" title="Chinese Apartment Art">Chinese Apartment Art</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br>present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li>

<li><a href="Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li>

<li><a href="Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li>

<li><a href="Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li>

<li><a href="Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a>

<ul><li><a href="Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li>

<li><a href="Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li>

<li><a href="Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li>

<li><a href="Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li>

<li><a href="Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a>

<ul><li><a href="SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li>

<li><a href="Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li>

<li><a href="Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li>

<li><a href="Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li>

<li><a href="Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a>

<ul><li><a href="Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li>

<li><a href="Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li>

<li><a href="Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li>

<li><a href="History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li>

<li><a href="Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li>

<li><a href="Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li>

<li><a href="Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li>

<li><a href="Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li>

<li><a href="Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li>

<li><a href="Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li>

<li><a href="Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li>

<li><a href="Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Trompe-l'%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German-language_literature213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="German-language_literature213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="German_literature" title="German literature">German-language literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="German_language" title="German language">German language</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old High German literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_High_German_literature" title="Middle High German literature">Middle High German literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_New_High_German_literature" title="Early New High German literature">Early New High German literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li>

<li><a href="Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Literary realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Exilliteratur" title="Exilliteratur">Exilliteratur</a></li>

<li><a href="German_pop_literature" title="German pop literature">Pop literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a></li>

<li><a href="German_studies" title="German studies">German studies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Austrian writers</li>

<li>German writers</li>

<li>Liechtenstein writers</li>

<li>Swiss writers in German</li>

<li>Category:Translators of William Shakespeare</li>

<li>Reformation era literature</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li>

<li><a href="German_courtly_romance" title="German courtly romance">Courtly romance</a></li>

<li><a href="Der_von_K%C3%BCrenberg" title="Der von Kürenberg">Der von Kürenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a></li>

<li><a href="Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a></li>

<li><a href="Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a></li>

<li><a href="Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Hoffmann_von_Hoffmannswaldau" title="Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau">Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Michael_Moscherosch" title="Johann Michael Moscherosch">Johann Michael Moscherosch</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Opitz" title="Martin Opitz">Martin Opitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a></li>

<li><a href="Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Ulrich%2C_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick">Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_Wickram" title="Georg Wickram">Georg Wickram</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Gellert</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Johann Christian Günther">Johann Christian Günther</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta_Klopstock" title="Meta Klopstock">Meta Klopstock</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></li>

<li><a href="Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnus_Gottfried_Lichtwer" title="Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer">Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer</a></li>

<li><a href="Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg)</li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Gottfried_Schnabel" title="Johann Gottfried Schnabel">Johann Gottfried Schnabel</a></li>

<li><a href="Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></li>

<li><a href="Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a></li>

<li><a href="Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li>

<li><a href="Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a></li>

<li><a href="Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a></li>

<li><a href="Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li>

<li><a href="E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a></li>

<li><a href="Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Eduard Mörike</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Nestroy" title="Johann Nestroy">Johann Nestroy</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a></li>

<li><a href="Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ilse_Aichinger" title="Ilse Aichinger">Ilse Aichinger</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a></li>

<li><a href="Vicki_Baum" title="Vicki Baum">Vicki Baum</a></li>

<li><a href="Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a></li>

<li><a href="Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugo_Bettauer" title="Hugo Bettauer">Hugo Bettauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Brasch" title="Thomas Brasch">Thomas Brasch</a></li>

<li><a href="Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolf_Dieter_Brinkmann" title="Rolf Dieter Brinkmann">Rolf Dieter Brinkmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a></li>

<li><a href="Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a></li>

<li><a href="Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a></li>

<li><a href="Heimito_von_Doderer" title="Heimito von Doderer">Heimito von Doderer</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li>

<li><a href="Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Marieluise_Flei%C3%9Fer" title="Marieluise Fleißer">Marieluise Fleißer</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li>

<li><a href="Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li>

<li><a href="Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_Heym" title="Georg Heym">Georg Heym</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolfgang_Hilbig" title="Wolfgang Hilbig">Wolfgang Hilbig</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th" title="Ödön von Horváth">Ödön von Horváth</a></li>

<li><a href="Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li>

<li><a href="Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li>

<li><a href="Marie_Luise_Kaschnitz" title="Marie Luise Kaschnitz">Marie Luise Kaschnitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernhard_Kellermann" title="Bernhard Kellermann">Bernhard Kellermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li>

<li><a href="Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Egon_Kisch" title="Egon Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a></li>

<li><a href="Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li>

<li><a href="Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Laßwitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Gert_Ledig" title="Gert Ledig">Gert Ledig</a></li>

<li><a href="Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a></li>

<li><a href="Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li>

<li><a href="Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a></li>

<li><a href="Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a></li>

<li><a href="Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Roth" title="Joseph Roth">Joseph Roth</a></li>

<li><a href="Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Ernst von Salomon</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a></li>

<li><a href="Helga_Schubert" title="Helga Schubert">Helga Schubert</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li>

<li><a href="W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li>

<li><a href="Berta_von_Suttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Berta von Suttner">Berta von Suttner</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li>

<li><a href="Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Walser" title="Robert Walser">Robert Walser</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Weinheber" title="Josef Weinheber">Josef Weinheber</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li>

<li><a href="Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li>

<li><a href="Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br>writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zsuzsa_B%C3%A1nk" title="Zsuzsa Bánk">Zsuzsa Bánk</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Brussig" title="Thomas Brussig">Thomas Brussig</a></li>

<li><a href="Dietmar_Dath" title="Dietmar Dath">Dietmar Dath</a></li>

<li><a href="Jenny_Erpenbeck" title="Jenny Erpenbeck">Jenny Erpenbeck</a></li>

<li><a href="Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li>

<li><a href="Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li>

<li><a href="Judith_Hermann" title="Judith Hermann">Judith Hermann</a></li>

<li><a href="Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li>

<li><a href="Wladimir_Kaminer" title="Wladimir Kaminer">Wladimir Kaminer</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Esther_Kinsky" title="Esther Kinsky">Esther Kinsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbara_K%C3%B6hler" title="Barbara Köhler">Barbara Köhler</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Christian Kracht</a></li>

<li><a href="Monika_Maron" title="Monika Maron">Monika Maron</a></li>

<li><a href="Clemens_Meyer" title="Clemens Meyer">Clemens Meyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li>

<li><a href="Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharon_Dodua_Otoo" title="Sharon Dodua Otoo">Sharon Dodua Otoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li>

<li><a href="Teresa_Pr%C3%A4auer" title="Teresa Präauer">Teresa Präauer</a></li>

<li><a href="Julya_Rabinowich" title="Julya Rabinowich">Julya Rabinowich</a></li>

<li><a href="Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingo_Schulze" title="Ingo Schulze">Ingo Schulze</a></li>

<li><a href="Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li>

<li><a href="Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Botho Strauss</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoko_Tawada" title="Yoko Tawada">Yoko Tawada</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilija_Trojanow" title="Ilija Trojanow">Ilija Trojanow</a></li>

<li><a href="Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Wawerzinek" title="Peter Wawerzinek">Peter Wawerzinek</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolf_Wondratschek" title="Wolf Wondratschek">Wolf Wondratschek</a></li>

<li><a href="Feridun_Zaimo%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Zaimoğlu">Feridun Zaimoğlu</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br>Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li>